L.a
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Paul - English - US
Susan - English - US
Dave - English - US
Elizabeth - English - UK
Kenneth - English - US
Simon - English - UK
Zira - English - US
David - English - US
Allison - English - US
Kate - English - UK
Steven - English - US
Crystal - English - US
Kate - English - US
Mike - English - US
Heather - English - US
Elizabeth - English - UK
Amalia - Portuguese - Portugal
Annika - Swedish - Sweden
Artemis - Greek - Greece
Bernard - French - France
Diego - Spanish - Argentina
Esperanza - Spanish - Mexico
Francisca - Spanish - Chile
Gabriela - Portuguese - Brasil
Jordi - Catalan - Catalonia
Jorge - Spanish - Mexico
Juan - Spanish - Mexico
Juliette - French - France
LinLin - Chinese - China
Montserrat - Catalan - Catalonia
Paola - Italian - Italy
Roberto - Italian - Italy
Saskia - Dutch - Netherlands
Stefan - German - Germany
Ludoviko - Italian - Italy
Felipe - Portuguese - Brasil
Fernanda - Portuguese - Brasil
Afroditi - Greek - Greece
Olga - Russian - Russia
Carlos - Spanish - Mexico
Soledad - Spanish - Mexico
Ricardo - Portuguese - Brasil
Afroditi - Greek - Greece
Amalia - Portuguese - Brasil
Annika - Swedish - Sweden
Artemis - Greek - Greece
Bernard - French - France
Diego - Spanish - Argentina
Esperanza - Spanish - Mexico
Francisca - Spanish - Chile
Gabriela - Portuguese - Brasil
Jordi - Spanish - Spain
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L.a
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Charles L.a. Laveran
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L.a. Math Test
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Cities Of L.A.
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L.A. Noire On
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Emmy Rossum’s L.A.
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Madame Amandine L.a. Dudevant
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Loss Of L.A. Privileges
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Edmond L.a. Huot De Goncourt
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Shit! Yo! Juss wakin' up in tha mornnin', gotta thank God I don't know but today seems kinda odd No barkin' from the dog, no smog And momma cooked a breakfast with no hog I got my grub on, but didn't pig out Finally got a call from a girl I wanna dig out Hooked it up fo' later as I hit the do' Thinkin', "Will I live another twenty-fo'?" I gotta go 'cause I got me a drop top And if I hit the switch, I can make the ass drop Had to stop, at a red light Lookin' in my mirror, not a jacker in sight And everything is alright I got a beep from Kym, and she can fuck all night Called up the homies and I'm akksin' y'all Which park, are y'all playin' basketball? Get me on the court and I'm trouble Last week fucked around and got a triple-double Freakin' niggas every way like M.J. I can't believe, today was a good day Drove to the pad, and hit the showers Didn't even get no static from them cowards 'Caus jus' yesterday, dem fools tried ta blast me Saw da police, and they rolled right past me No flexin', didn't even look in a nigga's direction As I ran the intersection Went to Short Dog's house, they was watchin' Yo! MTV Raps What's the 'haps on the craps? Shake 'em up, shake 'em up, shake 'em up, shake 'em! Roll 'em in a circle of niggas, and watch me break 'em Wit' tha seven, seven-eleven, seven-eleven Seven, even Back Do' Lil' Joe I picked up the cash flow Then we played bones, and I'm yellin' "Domino!" Plus nobody I know got killed in South Central L.A. Today was a good day (Shit!) Left my nigga's house paid Picked up a girl been tryynta fuck since the twelth grade It's ironic, I had the brew, she had the chronic The Lakers beat the Supersonics I felt on her big fat fanny Pulled out the jammy and killed the punanni And my dick runs deep, so deep, so deep Put her ass to sleep Woke her up around one She didn't hesitate to call Ice Cube the top gun Drove her to the pad and I'm coastin' Took another sip of the potion, hit the three-wheel motion I was glad everything had worked out Dropped her ass off, and then chirped out Today was like one of those fly dreams Didn't even see a Barry flashin' those high beams No helicopter looking for a murder Two in tha mornnin', got tha Fat Burger Even saw the lights of the Goodyear Blimp And it read, "Ice Cube's a pimp!" Drunk as hell, but no thowwin' up Halfway home, and my pager's still blowwin' up Today, I diddn't even havvta use my AK I gotta say it was a good day (Shhhhit!)
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First, I love learning about different industries and commodities, how they developed over time, often over millennia, shaping world markets and modern political economies (e.g. cotton, gold, salt, cod, petroleum). “The Fish” provides a fascinating introduction to the world of bananas, a fruit that every American today knows and most of whom love on their breakfast cereal or as a mid-day, nutritious snack. Only, as I learned, bananas aren’t actually a fruit and little more than a century ago they were far from common, but rather quite exotic, a true luxury, displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition to crowds of gawking onlookers as if it came from another planet. Indeed, according to the author, a banana in 1900 was as unusual to the average American as an African cucumber is today. There’s a lot about the very familiar banana that I never knew. For instance, Cohen explains that the banana tree is actually the world’s largest herb, and thus its offspring, the banana, are technically berries. Even more fascinating, bananas grow from rhizomes, not seeds. In other words, cut appendages continue to grow, replicating the original. As Cohen describes it: “When you look at a banana, you’re looking at every banana, an infinite regression. There are no mutts, only the first fruit of a particular species and billions of copies. Every banana is a clone, in other words, a replica of an ur-banana that weighed on its stalk the first morning of man.” Believe it or not, the story of the banana gets even crazier. If you’ve ever wondered why old black-and-white films joked about slipping on a banana peel even though the banana peel that you’ve long known doesn’t feel particularly slippery, that’s because we have completely different bananas today. In the early nineteenth century, Americans were introduced to the “Big Mike,” a variety of banana that went extinct in 1965. It was bigger, tastier and more robust than the bananas we have today, according to Cohen, and their peels were far more slippery. The bananas we eat today are known as “Cavendish,” their primary benefit being immunity to the Panama disease that wiped out the Big Mike. Again, because bananas are all exact genetic copies, they are highly susceptible to rapid eradication from disease. Second, I’m a sucker for a great rags-to-riches story. The tale of Samuel Zemurray delivers that in spades. He arrived in America in 1891, a penniless Jew from what today is Moldova, and settled in the Deep South. (It may surprise many Americans but the South was far more hospitable to Jews for most our history. For instance, Jefferson Davis had two Jews in his Cabinet; Lincoln had none.) While still in his teens Zemurray recognized a business opportunity where other only saw trash: the ripe bananas that Boston Fruit discarded along the rail line in Mobile, Alabama before shipping off to Chicago and other northern metropolitan destinations. Zemurray was a natural entrepreneur; he had no particular affinity for bananas, it was just the opportunity at hand. “If he had settled in Chicago,” Cohen writes, “it would have been beef; if Pittsburgh, steel; if L.A., movies.” Zemurray quickly turned one man’s trash into cash, renting a boxcar to carry the castoff bananas along the slow rail route through the South, selling his cargo to local merchants at each Podunk rail stop until either his inventory ran out or spoiled. From such humble beginnings did a great international trading company eventually take root, Cuyamel Fruit, named after the river separating Honduras and Guatemala, the heartland of banana growing. By 1925, Cuyamel Fruit Company, the creation of an upstart Jewish immigrant banana jobber, had emerged as a serious threat to United Fruit, the undisputed king of the industry, a company that was led by Boston’s best, the sons of Brahmins. The threat was not because of Cuyamel’s size. In most ways United Fruit still dominated its aggressive rival (i.e. United Fruit was harvesting 40 million bunches a year with 150,000 employees and working capital of $27m, compared to Cuyamel’s 8 million bunches, 10,000 employees and $3m in working capital). The threat was that Cuyamel was a better run business and more innovative, leading the way with selective pruning, drainage, silting, staking and overhead irrigation. “U.F. was a conglomerate, a collection of firms bought up and slapped together,” Cohen writes. Cuyamel, by contrast, was a well-oiled machine, vertically integrated and led from the front by Zemurray, the ultimate owner-manager-worker. Cuyamel’s success was certainly no accident. It was the product of hard work, an obsessed owner-operator who understood his business at a visceral level, a skill earned over decades of hard, unglamorous work. Zemurray adhered to his own, classically American immigrant code of conduct: “get up first, work harder, get your hands in the dirt and the blood in your eyes.” Cohen describes his commitment and ultimate advantage this way: “Zemurray worked in the fields beside his engineers, planters, and machete men. He was deep in the muck, sweat covered, swinging a blade. He helped map the plantations, plant the rhizomes, clear the weeds, lay the track…unlike most of his competitors, he understood every part of the business, from the executive suite where the stock was manipulated to the ripening room where the green fruit turned yellow…By the time he was forty, he had served in every position from fruit jobber to boss. He worked on the docks, on the ships and railroads, in the fields and warehouses. He had ridden the mules. He had managed the fruit and money, the mercenaries and government men. He understood the meaning of every change in the weather, the significance of every date on the calendar.” Indeed, dedicated immigrants like Sam Zemurray have made America great. There’s nothing wrong with doing grunt work. In fact, it’s essential. United Fruit bought out Cuyamel in the early days of the stock market crash of 1929, when the former had a market share of 54% to the latter’s 14%. United Fruit’s profit was some $45m and its stock price $108. By 1932, profit was down to $6m and the stock languished at $10.25. “The company was caught in a death spiral,” according to Cohen. By January 1933, Zemurray used his massive stake and proxy votes to take over the company, claiming “I realized that the greatest mistake the United Fruit management had made was to assume it could run its activities in many tropical countries from an office on the 10th floor of a Boston office building.” The immigrant with dirt under his nails and a rumbled jacket knew the business better than the Ivy Leaguers with manicures and pinstriped suits. Indeed, the fish (Cuyamel Fruit) was swallowing the whale (United Fruit). Zemurray would run the company until 1951, arguably the most successful years of its history. In 1950, the company cleared $66m in profit. By 1960, profits would fall to just $2m. United Fruit collapsed, eventually restructuring and reinventing itself as Chiquita Brands, based in Cincinnati. When Zemurray started in the industry at the turn of the century, bananas were curiosities, a sidebar trade, something for the rich. By the time he retired, bananas were part of the daily American fabric, the interests of the industry consistent with that of political leadership in Washington. Indeed, some of the most illustrious and powerful men in government had close connections to United Fruit during the Zemurray era: CIA director Allen Dulles (member of the board of directors), secretary of state John Foster Dulles (U.F. legal counsel at Sullivan & Cromwell), New Deal fixer Tom Corcoran (paid lobbyist), UN Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge (large shareholder), among others. By the 1950s, Cohen writes, “it was hard to tell where the government ended and the company began.” At its height, Cohen says, United Fruit was “as ubiquitous as Google and as feared as Halliburton.” For anyone interested in business history, American politics in Central America or the development of the global fruit industry, “The Fish that Ate the Whale” is a book to own and savor. Read less
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