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Interstate 695 (I-695) is a 51.46-mile-long (82.82 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway that is a full beltway extending around Baltimore, Maryland, United States. I-695 is officially designated the McKeldin Beltway but is colloquially referred to as either the Baltimore Beltway or 695. The route is an auxiliary route of I-95, intersecting that route southwest of Baltimore near Arbutus and northeast of the city near White Marsh. It also intersects other major roads radiating from the Baltimore area, including I-97 near Glen Burnie, the BaltimoreโWashington Parkway (BโW Parkway; Maryland Route 295 [MD 295]) near Linthicum, I-70 near Woodlawn, I-795 near Pikesville, and I-83 in the Timonium area. The 19.37-mile (31.17 km) portion of the Baltimore Beltway between I-95 northeast of Baltimore and I-97 south of Baltimore is officially Maryland Route 695 (MD 695) and is not part of the Interstate Highway System but is signed as I-695. This section of the route includes the Francis Scott Key Bridge that crosses over the Patapsco River. The bridge and its approaches are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA) while the remainder of the Baltimore Beltway is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration (MDOT SHA).
The Baltimore Beltway was first planned in 1949 by Baltimore County; the state eventually took over the project and it became part of the Interstate Highway System planned in 1956. The length of the route from MD 2 south of Baltimore clockwise to U.S. Route 40 (US 40) northeast of the city opened in stages from 1955 to 1962, providing an Interstate bypass of Baltimore. It was the first beltway in the US to be built as part of the Interstate Highway System. Plans were made to finish the remainder of the route, with a diversion to the Windlass and Patapsco freeways, opened in 1973, following the cancelation of a more outer route that was to partly follow what is today MD 702 (Southeast Boulevard). The Outer Harbor Crossing over the Patapsco River, which was dedicated to Francis Scott Key, who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and its approaches were finished in 1977, completing the route around Baltimore. The approaches to the bridge were originally two lanes to accommodate a tunnel that was originally proposed to run under the river; in subsequent years, they were upgraded to a four-lane configuration compliant with Interstate Highway standards, allowing for this portion of route to be signed as I-695 rather than MD 695. There are future plans for I-695 that include high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes to ease traffic. In addition, the northeastern interchange with I-95 has been reconstructed in 2014 to accommodate express toll lanes that were added to I-95, and construction took place in 2016 to remove I-695's carriageway crossovers here.
This lesson covers the following topics:
Conditions
Devices
Conditions
The following table lists power conditions you should be familiar with:
Condition Description
Surge Over-voltage that lasts seconds
Spike Over-voltage that lasts milliseconds
Sag Under-voltage that lasts milliseconds
Brownout Under-voltage that lasts seconds (lights may dim)
Blackout
Complete power failure
Devices
The following is a description of devices used to prevent power problems:
Device Description
Surge suppressor A surge suppressor conditions power so that over-voltages don't reach devices.
Surge protector A surge protector protects against over-voltages by switching a device off before an over-voltage can damage it.
A power strip provides multiple power outlets from a single plug-in but is not necessarily a surge protector.
Surge protectors can be destroyed by surges and lose their ability to protect.
Consider using a surge protector with an indicator light to show whether it is working correctly.
Line conditioner A line conditioner modifies the power signal to remove noise and create a smooth alternating current (AC) signal.
Standby power supply
(SPS) A standby power supply is an offline device that switches over to provide power when an under-voltage occurs. If the switchover is not fast enough, the computer loses power.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) An uninterruptible power supply is an online device that is constantly providing battery power to the computer and being recharged by the wall outlet.
There are two types of UPS systems:
An online UPS constantly powers the computer from the battery.
An offline UPS powers the computer from the wall power. When the power fails, a switch inside the UPS switches to power the computer from the battery. This is the most common form of UPS.
UPS size is measured by the volt-amp (VA) rating. The capacity of the UPS determines the number of devices and how long the devices can run when power is interrupted.
When purchasing a UPS, purchase one with enough battery power to power only critical devices such as the computer and a single monitor.
To reduce the amount of power required by the UPS, do not plug non-critical devices into the UPS.
Laser printers require more power than most UPS systems are capable of providing. For this reason, you should not connect a laser printer to a UPS. If you must provide power to a laser printer, get a dedicated UPS for that device.
A UPS is designed to provide enough power to shut a system down safely during an extended power outage. Most are not intended as long-term power solutions.
The UPS connects to the power source (usually a wall socket), the computer plugs into the UPS, and the UPS is connected through a serial or USB port to the computer. Software on the computer uses this connection to monitor battery life and to detect when the regular power is lost. You can configure the software to shut the system down automatically when the battery charge reaches a certain level. You usually need to configure the following settings when working with UPS software:
Time to wait before sending a warning to clients.
Time to wait before beginning a shutdown.
Name of programs or commands to run during the shutdown.
In addition to providing power when the power is lost, most UPS systems also condition the line and remove power spikes and sags.
Most UPS devices sound an alarm when the AC power is lost. This alarm continues until AC power is restored, although many UPS devices have a switch to mute the alarm.
During certain conditions, such as an electrical storm or when the power supply is constantly going up or down, you might need to unplug the computer to protect it. Simply turning it off might still damage the components because some power remains supplied to the system. In the case of an electrical storm, keeping the system plugged in leaves it susceptible to power spikes.